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32. Dyke (1991) shows the theoretical thickness of seabed freezing (bottom right) and the depth of freezing for varying amounts of time for varying ice thicknesses. Permafrost is shown to aggrade in water depths up to 1.5 m. Very small variations in depth have a significant impact on seasonal freezing and permafrost development

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87. Eastern Arctic: Ice scour increases diversity provided it is not so frequent as to not allow succession to proceed

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89. Gray whale

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